C 28896lkl33yyp4v 28896lkl33yyp4v Economy 28896lkl33yyp4v

The 28896lkl33yyp4v Augustan 28896lkl33yyp4v Age 28896lkl33yyp4v sparked 28896lkl33yyp4v a 28896lkl33yyp4v major 28896lkl33yyp4v economic 28896lkl33yyp4v revival. 28896lkl33yyp4v The 28896lkl33yyp4v emperor 28896lkl33yyp4v directly 28896lkl33yyp4v controlled 28896lkl33yyp4v coinage, 28896lkl33yyp4v taxation, 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v his 28896lkl33yyp4v own 28896lkl33yyp4v enormous 28896lkl33yyp4v estates, 28896lkl33yyp4v but 28896lkl33yyp4v otherwise 28896lkl33yyp4v allowed 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v economy 28896lkl33yyp4v to 28896lkl33yyp4v operate 28896lkl33yyp4v freely, 28896lkl33yyp4v with 28896lkl33yyp4v demand 28896lkl33yyp4v dictating 28896lkl33yyp4v prices 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v profits. 28896lkl33yyp4v Above 28896lkl33yyp4v all 28896lkl33yyp4v it 28896lkl33yyp4v was 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v end 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v civil 28896lkl33yyp4v war 28896lkl33yyp4v that 28896lkl33yyp4v encouraged 28896lkl33yyp4v economic 28896lkl33yyp4v growth. 28896lkl33yyp4v Roman 28896lkl33yyp4v armies 28896lkl33yyp4v could 28896lkl33yyp4v control 28896lkl33yyp4v piracy 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v allow 28896lkl33yyp4v maritime 28896lkl33yyp4v trade 28896lkl33yyp4v across 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v Mediterranean 28896lkl33yyp4v as 28896lkl33yyp4v never 28896lkl33yyp4v before. 28896lkl33yyp4v

C1 28896lkl33yyp4v 28896lkl33yyp4v Agriculture 28896lkl33yyp4v

Villa 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v Mysteries, 28896lkl33yyp4v Pompeii 28896lkl33yyp4v Many 28896lkl33yyp4v wealthy 28896lkl33yyp4v Romans 28896lkl33yyp4v invested 28896lkl33yyp4v in 28896lkl33yyp4v land, 28896lkl33yyp4v which 28896lkl33yyp4v they 28896lkl33yyp4v used 28896lkl33yyp4v for 28896lkl33yyp4v agriculture 28896lkl33yyp4v as 28896lkl33yyp4v well 28896lkl33yyp4v as 28896lkl33yyp4v recreation. 28896lkl33yyp4v Often 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v owners 28896lkl33yyp4v lived 28896lkl33yyp4v in 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v city 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v hired 28896lkl33yyp4v an 28896lkl33yyp4v overseer 28896lkl33yyp4v to 28896lkl33yyp4v manage 28896lkl33yyp4v their 28896lkl33yyp4v estates. 28896lkl33yyp4v Many 28896lkl33yyp4v also 28896lkl33yyp4v had 28896lkl33yyp4v lavish 28896lkl33yyp4v homes 28896lkl33yyp4v or 28896lkl33yyp4v villas 28896lkl33yyp4v which 28896lkl33yyp4v included 28896lkl33yyp4v beautiful 28896lkl33yyp4v works 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v art 28896lkl33yyp4v like 28896lkl33yyp4v this 28896lkl33yyp4v fresco 28896lkl33yyp4v from 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v Villa 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v Mysteries 28896lkl33yyp4v outside 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v Pompeii, 28896lkl33yyp4v Italy.Bridgeman 28896lkl33yyp4v Art 28896lkl33yyp4v Library, 28896lkl33yyp4v London/New 28896lkl33yyp4v York 28896lkl33yyp4v 28896lkl33yyp4v

28896lkl33yyp4v

Farming 28896lkl33yyp4v was 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v basis 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v Roman 28896lkl33yyp4v economy. 28896lkl33yyp4v Republican 28896lkl33yyp4v senators 28896lkl33yyp4v traditionally 28896lkl33yyp4v invested 28896lkl33yyp4v their 28896lkl33yyp4v wealth 28896lkl33yyp4v in 28896lkl33yyp4v Italian 28896lkl33yyp4v land, 28896lkl33yyp4v but 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v imperial 28896lkl33yyp4v peace 28896lkl33yyp4v also 28896lkl33yyp4v encouraged 28896lkl33yyp4v them 28896lkl33yyp4v to 28896lkl33yyp4v invest 28896lkl33yyp4v abroad. 28896lkl33yyp4v The 28896lkl33yyp4v Romans 28896lkl33yyp4v began 28896lkl33yyp4v to 28896lkl33yyp4v cultivate 28896lkl33yyp4v more 28896lkl33yyp4v land 28896lkl33yyp4v when 28896lkl33yyp4v they 28896lkl33yyp4v brought 28896lkl33yyp4v Mediterranean 28896lkl33yyp4v plants 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v more 28896lkl33yyp4v sophisticated 28896lkl33yyp4v farming 28896lkl33yyp4v methods 28896lkl33yyp4v farther 28896lkl33yyp4v north 28896lkl33yyp4v into 28896lkl33yyp4v Gaul, 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v Rhine 28896lkl33yyp4v River 28896lkl33yyp4v valley, 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v Balkan 28896lkl33yyp4v Peninsula. 28896lkl33yyp4v Vineyards 28896lkl33yyp4v spread 28896lkl33yyp4v throughout 28896lkl33yyp4v Gaul, 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v olive 28896lkl33yyp4v groves 28896lkl33yyp4v were 28896lkl33yyp4v planted 28896lkl33yyp4v in 28896lkl33yyp4v North 28896lkl33yyp4v Africa. 28896lkl33yyp4v The 28896lkl33yyp4v Romans 28896lkl33yyp4v learned 28896lkl33yyp4v new 28896lkl33yyp4v techniques 28896lkl33yyp4v for 28896lkl33yyp4v farming 28896lkl33yyp4v in 28896lkl33yyp4v wet 28896lkl33yyp4v climates 28896lkl33yyp4v that 28896lkl33yyp4v allowed 28896lkl33yyp4v them 28896lkl33yyp4v to 28896lkl33yyp4v open 28896lkl33yyp4v new 28896lkl33yyp4v lands 28896lkl33yyp4v for 28896lkl33yyp4v agriculture 28896lkl33yyp4v in 28896lkl33yyp4v northern 28896lkl33yyp4v Gaul 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v Britain, 28896lkl33yyp4v where 28896lkl33yyp4v increasing 28896lkl33yyp4v demands 28896lkl33yyp4v for 28896lkl33yyp4v timber 28896lkl33yyp4v transformed 28896lkl33yyp4v native 28896lkl33yyp4v forests 28896lkl33yyp4v into 28896lkl33yyp4v agricultural 28896lkl33yyp4v estates.

28896lkl33yyp4v Rome 28896lkl33yyp4v imported 28896lkl33yyp4v wheat 28896lkl33yyp4v from 28896lkl33yyp4v Egypt 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v Africa, 28896lkl33yyp4v wine 28896lkl33yyp4v from 28896lkl33yyp4v Gaul, 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v oil 28896lkl33yyp4v from 28896lkl33yyp4v Spain 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v Africa. 28896lkl33yyp4v

Landowners 28896lkl33yyp4v lived 28896lkl33yyp4v in 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v cities 28896lkl33yyp4v or, 28896lkl33yyp4v in 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v case 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v truly 28896lkl33yyp4v wealthy, 28896lkl33yyp4v in 28896lkl33yyp4v Rome 28896lkl33yyp4v itself. 28896lkl33yyp4v A 28896lkl33yyp4v foreman 28896lkl33yyp4v managed 28896lkl33yyp4v each 28896lkl33yyp4v estate 28896lkl33yyp4v separately. 28896lkl33yyp4v Some 28896lkl33yyp4v individual 28896lkl33yyp4v estates, 28896lkl33yyp4v called 28896lkl33yyp4v villas, 28896lkl33yyp4v were 28896lkl33yyp4v huge 28896lkl33yyp4v operations. 28896lkl33yyp4v One 28896lkl33yyp4v villa, 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v Boscatrecase, 28896lkl33yyp4v which 28896lkl33yyp4v was 28896lkl33yyp4v located 28896lkl33yyp4v near 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v Italian 28896lkl33yyp4v city 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v Pompeii, 28896lkl33yyp4v had 28896lkl33yyp4v 100,000 28896lkl33yyp4v jugs 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v wine 28896lkl33yyp4v in 28896lkl33yyp4v storage. 28896lkl33yyp4v Large 28896lkl33yyp4v estates 28896lkl33yyp4v in 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v provinces 28896lkl33yyp4v had 28896lkl33yyp4v lower 28896lkl33yyp4v labor 28896lkl33yyp4v costs, 28896lkl33yyp4v which 28896lkl33yyp4v gradually 28896lkl33yyp4v undermined 28896lkl33yyp4v traditional 28896lkl33yyp4v Italian 28896lkl33yyp4v agriculture. 28896lkl33yyp4v As 28896lkl33yyp4v a 28896lkl33yyp4v result, 28896lkl33yyp4v Rome 28896lkl33yyp4v imported 28896lkl33yyp4v wheat 28896lkl33yyp4v from 28896lkl33yyp4v Egypt 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v Africa, 28896lkl33yyp4v wine 28896lkl33yyp4v from 28896lkl33yyp4v Gaul, 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v oil 28896lkl33yyp4v from 28896lkl33yyp4v Spain 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v Africa. 28896lkl33yyp4v

C2 28896lkl33yyp4v 28896lkl33yyp4v Industry 28896lkl33yyp4v

Roman 28896lkl33yyp4v industry 28896lkl33yyp4v did 28896lkl33yyp4v not 28896lkl33yyp4v include 28896lkl33yyp4v mass 28896lkl33yyp4v production, 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v small 28896lkl33yyp4v workshops 28896lkl33yyp4v manufactured 28896lkl33yyp4v pottery, 28896lkl33yyp4v metalwork, 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v glass. 28896lkl33yyp4v A 28896lkl33yyp4v successful 28896lkl33yyp4v brickmaker 28896lkl33yyp4v might 28896lkl33yyp4v have 28896lkl33yyp4v owned 28896lkl33yyp4v dozens 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v workshops 28896lkl33yyp4v rather 28896lkl33yyp4v than 28896lkl33yyp4v one 28896lkl33yyp4v large 28896lkl33yyp4v factory. 28896lkl33yyp4v Manufacturers 28896lkl33yyp4v dispersed 28896lkl33yyp4v or 28896lkl33yyp4v decentralized 28896lkl33yyp4v their 28896lkl33yyp4v production 28896lkl33yyp4v because 28896lkl33yyp4v it 28896lkl33yyp4v was 28896lkl33yyp4v expensive 28896lkl33yyp4v to 28896lkl33yyp4v transport 28896lkl33yyp4v goods. 28896lkl33yyp4v Bricks 28896lkl33yyp4v for 28896lkl33yyp4v construction 28896lkl33yyp4v were 28896lkl33yyp4v made 28896lkl33yyp4v at 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v building 28896lkl33yyp4v site, 28896lkl33yyp4v or 28896lkl33yyp4v terra-cotta 28896lkl33yyp4v figurines 28896lkl33yyp4v were 28896lkl33yyp4v fashioned 28896lkl33yyp4v at 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v temple 28896lkl33yyp4v where 28896lkl33yyp4v they 28896lkl33yyp4v were 28896lkl33yyp4v sold. 28896lkl33yyp4v Unlike 28896lkl33yyp4v independent 28896lkl33yyp4v artisans 28896lkl33yyp4v who 28896lkl33yyp4v had 28896lkl33yyp4v their 28896lkl33yyp4v own 28896lkl33yyp4v shops, 28896lkl33yyp4v wage 28896lkl33yyp4v laborers 28896lkl33yyp4v were 28896lkl33yyp4v treated 28896lkl33yyp4v with 28896lkl33yyp4v contempt 28896lkl33yyp4v in 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v ancient 28896lkl33yyp4v world 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v worked 28896lkl33yyp4v alongside 28896lkl33yyp4v slaves.

The 28896lkl33yyp4v eastern 28896lkl33yyp4v Mediterranean 28896lkl33yyp4v was 28896lkl33yyp4v initially 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v manufacturing 28896lkl33yyp4v center 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v Roman 28896lkl33yyp4v world, 28896lkl33yyp4v but 28896lkl33yyp4v under 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v empire, 28896lkl33yyp4v Gaul 28896lkl33yyp4v also 28896lkl33yyp4v experienced 28896lkl33yyp4v great 28896lkl33yyp4v industrial 28896lkl33yyp4v growth. 28896lkl33yyp4v A 28896lkl33yyp4v number 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v factors 28896lkl33yyp4v combined 28896lkl33yyp4v to 28896lkl33yyp4v encourage 28896lkl33yyp4v manufacturing 28896lkl33yyp4v in 28896lkl33yyp4v Gaul, 28896lkl33yyp4v including 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v availability 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v ample 28896lkl33yyp4v raw 28896lkl33yyp4v materials, 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v Celtic 28896lkl33yyp4v tradition 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v exquisite 28896lkl33yyp4v metalworking, 28896lkl33yyp4v good 28896lkl33yyp4v river 28896lkl33yyp4v transportation, 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v enormous 28896lkl33yyp4v market 28896lkl33yyp4v created 28896lkl33yyp4v by 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v military 28896lkl33yyp4v along 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v northern 28896lkl33yyp4v borders 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v empire. 28896lkl33yyp4v The 28896lkl33yyp4v Roman 28896lkl33yyp4v soldiers 28896lkl33yyp4v needed 28896lkl33yyp4v weapons, 28896lkl33yyp4v pottery, 28896lkl33yyp4v boots, 28896lkl33yyp4v clothing, 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v building 28896lkl33yyp4v materials, 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v they 28896lkl33yyp4v bought 28896lkl33yyp4v them 28896lkl33yyp4v from 28896lkl33yyp4v local 28896lkl33yyp4v craftspeople. 28896lkl33yyp4v

C3 28896lkl33yyp4v 28896lkl33yyp4v Trade 28896lkl33yyp4v

Roman 28896lkl33yyp4v Ship 28896lkl33yyp4v Most 28896lkl33yyp4v Roman 28896lkl33yyp4v ships 28896lkl33yyp4v designed 28896lkl33yyp4v for 28896lkl33yyp4v commerce 28896lkl33yyp4v or 28896lkl33yyp4v war 28896lkl33yyp4v featured 28896lkl33yyp4v distinctive 28896lkl33yyp4v square 28896lkl33yyp4v sails. 28896lkl33yyp4v Long 28896lkl33yyp4v banks 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v oars 28896lkl33yyp4v propelled 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v ships 28896lkl33yyp4v swiftly 28896lkl33yyp4v through 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v water. 28896lkl33yyp4v Warships 28896lkl33yyp4v often 28896lkl33yyp4v had 28896lkl33yyp4v additional 28896lkl33yyp4v protective 28896lkl33yyp4v coverings 28896lkl33yyp4v to 28896lkl33yyp4v shield 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v crew 28896lkl33yyp4v from 28896lkl33yyp4v fire 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v missiles.© 28896lkl33yyp4v Microsoft 28896lkl33yyp4v Corporation. 28896lkl33yyp4v All 28896lkl33yyp4v Rights 28896lkl33yyp4v Reserved. 28896lkl33yyp4v 28896lkl33yyp4v

28896lkl33yyp4v

Land 28896lkl33yyp4v was 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v safest 28896lkl33yyp4v investment 28896lkl33yyp4v for 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v wealthy, 28896lkl33yyp4v but 28896lkl33yyp4v trade 28896lkl33yyp4v was 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v only 28896lkl33yyp4v legal 28896lkl33yyp4v way 28896lkl33yyp4v to 28896lkl33yyp4v acquire 28896lkl33yyp4v a 28896lkl33yyp4v fortune 28896lkl33yyp4v quickly. 28896lkl33yyp4v Transport 28896lkl33yyp4v by 28896lkl33yyp4v sea 28896lkl33yyp4v was 28896lkl33yyp4v far 28896lkl33yyp4v cheaper 28896lkl33yyp4v than 28896lkl33yyp4v by 28896lkl33yyp4v land, 28896lkl33yyp4v but 28896lkl33yyp4v every 28896lkl33yyp4v voyage 28896lkl33yyp4v faced 28896lkl33yyp4v both 28896lkl33yyp4v financial 28896lkl33yyp4v risks 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v opportunities. 28896lkl33yyp4v Shipwrecks 28896lkl33yyp4v occurred 28896lkl33yyp4v frequently 28896lkl33yyp4v during 28896lkl33yyp4v this 28896lkl33yyp4v period, 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v now 28896lkl33yyp4v provide 28896lkl33yyp4v archaeologists 28896lkl33yyp4v with 28896lkl33yyp4v abundant 28896lkl33yyp4v information 28896lkl33yyp4v about 28896lkl33yyp4v Roman 28896lkl33yyp4v shipping 28896lkl33yyp4v routes 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v cargoes. 28896lkl33yyp4v The 28896lkl33yyp4v Romans 28896lkl33yyp4v shipped 28896lkl33yyp4v food 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v rare 28896lkl33yyp4v raw 28896lkl33yyp4v materials 28896lkl33yyp4v like 28896lkl33yyp4v colored 28896lkl33yyp4v marble 28896lkl33yyp4v throughout 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v Mediterranean, 28896lkl33yyp4v along 28896lkl33yyp4v with 28896lkl33yyp4v Egyptian 28896lkl33yyp4v papyrus 28896lkl33yyp4v reeds 28896lkl33yyp4v for 28896lkl33yyp4v paper, 28896lkl33yyp4v purple 28896lkl33yyp4v dye 28896lkl33yyp4v from 28896lkl33yyp4v Syria, 28896lkl33yyp4v glass 28896lkl33yyp4v from 28896lkl33yyp4v Palestine, 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v Spanish 28896lkl33yyp4v ironwork.

28896lkl33yyp4v Land 28896lkl33yyp4v was 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v safest 28896lkl33yyp4v investment 28896lkl33yyp4v for 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v wealthy, 28896lkl33yyp4v but 28896lkl33yyp4v trade 28896lkl33yyp4v was 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v only 28896lkl33yyp4v legal 28896lkl33yyp4v way 28896lkl33yyp4v to 28896lkl33yyp4v acquire 28896lkl33yyp4v a 28896lkl33yyp4v fortune 28896lkl33yyp4v quickly. 28896lkl33yyp4v

The 28896lkl33yyp4v frontiers 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v empire 28896lkl33yyp4v did 28896lkl33yyp4v not 28896lkl33yyp4v hinder 28896lkl33yyp4v trade. 28896lkl33yyp4v German 28896lkl33yyp4v peddlers 28896lkl33yyp4v crossed 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v borders 28896lkl33yyp4v in 28896lkl33yyp4v both 28896lkl33yyp4v directions, 28896lkl33yyp4v bringing 28896lkl33yyp4v amber 28896lkl33yyp4v from 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v Baltic 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v exchanging 28896lkl33yyp4v it 28896lkl33yyp4v for 28896lkl33yyp4v Roman 28896lkl33yyp4v artifacts. 28896lkl33yyp4v However, 28896lkl33yyp4v few 28896lkl33yyp4v Romans 28896lkl33yyp4v actually 28896lkl33yyp4v took 28896lkl33yyp4v part 28896lkl33yyp4v in 28896lkl33yyp4v foreign 28896lkl33yyp4v commerce. 28896lkl33yyp4v They 28896lkl33yyp4v did 28896lkl33yyp4v not 28896lkl33yyp4v trade 28896lkl33yyp4v directly 28896lkl33yyp4v with 28896lkl33yyp4v Arabia, 28896lkl33yyp4v Africa, 28896lkl33yyp4v India, 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v China, 28896lkl33yyp4v but 28896lkl33yyp4v received 28896lkl33yyp4v incense, 28896lkl33yyp4v ivory, 28896lkl33yyp4v pepper, 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v silk 28896lkl33yyp4v from 28896lkl33yyp4v these 28896lkl33yyp4v countries 28896lkl33yyp4v through 28896lkl33yyp4v intermediaries. 28896lkl33yyp4v Asian 28896lkl33yyp4v caravans 28896lkl33yyp4v crossed 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v steppe 28896lkl33yyp4v to 28896lkl33yyp4v China, 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v Parthians 28896lkl33yyp4v controlled 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v caravan 28896lkl33yyp4v route 28896lkl33yyp4v to 28896lkl33yyp4v India. 28896lkl33yyp4v From 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v 1st 28896lkl33yyp4v century 28896lkl33yyp4v ad, 28896lkl33yyp4v Egyptian 28896lkl33yyp4v sailors 28896lkl33yyp4v from 28896lkl33yyp4v Alexandria 28896lkl33yyp4v learned 28896lkl33yyp4v how 28896lkl33yyp4v to 28896lkl33yyp4v use 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v monsoon, 28896lkl33yyp4v a 28896lkl33yyp4v wind 28896lkl33yyp4v that 28896lkl33yyp4v changed 28896lkl33yyp4v direction 28896lkl33yyp4v with 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v seasons, 28896lkl33yyp4v to 28896lkl33yyp4v enable 28896lkl33yyp4v them 28896lkl33yyp4v to 28896lkl33yyp4v make 28896lkl33yyp4v frequent 28896lkl33yyp4v trips 28896lkl33yyp4v to 28896lkl33yyp4v India. 28896lkl33yyp4v A 28896lkl33yyp4v guidebook 28896lkl33yyp4v from 28896lkl33yyp4v ancient 28896lkl33yyp4v times 28896lkl33yyp4v for 28896lkl33yyp4v captains 28896lkl33yyp4v sailing 28896lkl33yyp4v through 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v Red 28896lkl33yyp4v Sea 28896lkl33yyp4v still 28896lkl33yyp4v survives. 28896lkl33yyp4v

C4 28896lkl33yyp4v 28896lkl33yyp4v Coinage 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v Taxes 28896lkl33yyp4v

28896lkl33yyp4v The 28896lkl33yyp4v deficit 28896lkl33yyp4v spending 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v later 28896lkl33yyp4v emperors 28896lkl33yyp4v nearly 28896lkl33yyp4v halved 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v silver 28896lkl33yyp4v value 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v coinage. 28896lkl33yyp4v

Merchants 28896lkl33yyp4v throughout 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v empire 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v as 28896lkl33yyp4v far 28896lkl33yyp4v away 28896lkl33yyp4v as 28896lkl33yyp4v India 28896lkl33yyp4v used 28896lkl33yyp4v Roman 28896lkl33yyp4v coins, 28896lkl33yyp4v but 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v monetary 28896lkl33yyp4v system 28896lkl33yyp4v primarily 28896lkl33yyp4v served 28896lkl33yyp4v as 28896lkl33yyp4v a 28896lkl33yyp4v way 28896lkl33yyp4v for 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v emperors 28896lkl33yyp4v to 28896lkl33yyp4v pay 28896lkl33yyp4v their 28896lkl33yyp4v troops, 28896lkl33yyp4v because 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v soldiers 28896lkl33yyp4v expected 28896lkl33yyp4v cash. 28896lkl33yyp4v When 28896lkl33yyp4v an 28896lkl33yyp4v emperor 28896lkl33yyp4v had 28896lkl33yyp4v insufficient 28896lkl33yyp4v income, 28896lkl33yyp4v he 28896lkl33yyp4v was 28896lkl33yyp4v forced 28896lkl33yyp4v to 28896lkl33yyp4v raise 28896lkl33yyp4v taxes, 28896lkl33yyp4v seize 28896lkl33yyp4v property, 28896lkl33yyp4v or, 28896lkl33yyp4v as 28896lkl33yyp4v a 28896lkl33yyp4v final 28896lkl33yyp4v measure, 28896lkl33yyp4v melt 28896lkl33yyp4v down 28896lkl33yyp4v existing 28896lkl33yyp4v coins 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v mint 28896lkl33yyp4v new 28896lkl33yyp4v ones 28896lkl33yyp4v that 28896lkl33yyp4v weighed 28896lkl33yyp4v less 28896lkl33yyp4v or 28896lkl33yyp4v contained 28896lkl33yyp4v smaller 28896lkl33yyp4v amounts 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v precious 28896lkl33yyp4v metals. 28896lkl33yyp4v Silver 28896lkl33yyp4v coins 28896lkl33yyp4v were 28896lkl33yyp4v a 28896lkl33yyp4v basic 28896lkl33yyp4v medium 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v exchange 28896lkl33yyp4v during 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v empire, 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v one 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v major 28896lkl33yyp4v Roman 28896lkl33yyp4v coins, 28896lkl33yyp4v a 28896lkl33yyp4v denarius 28896lkl33yyp4v (plural, 28896lkl33yyp4v denarii), 28896lkl33yyp4v equaled 28896lkl33yyp4v four 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v smaller 28896lkl33yyp4v silver 28896lkl33yyp4v coins 28896lkl33yyp4v called 28896lkl33yyp4v sesterces. 28896lkl33yyp4v During 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v reign 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v Augustus, 28896lkl33yyp4v a 28896lkl33yyp4v silver 28896lkl33yyp4v denarius 28896lkl33yyp4v weighed 28896lkl33yyp4v 5.7 28896lkl33yyp4v gm 28896lkl33yyp4v (.20 28896lkl33yyp4v oz) 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v was 28896lkl33yyp4v 99 28896lkl33yyp4v percent 28896lkl33yyp4v pure. 28896lkl33yyp4v By 28896lkl33yyp4v ad 28896lkl33yyp4v 193 28896lkl33yyp4v it 28896lkl33yyp4v had 28896lkl33yyp4v dropped 28896lkl33yyp4v to 28896lkl33yyp4v 4.3 28896lkl33yyp4v gm 28896lkl33yyp4v (.15 28896lkl33yyp4v oz) 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v was 28896lkl33yyp4v only 28896lkl33yyp4v 70 28896lkl33yyp4v percent 28896lkl33yyp4v pure. 28896lkl33yyp4v The 28896lkl33yyp4v deficit 28896lkl33yyp4v spending 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v later 28896lkl33yyp4v emperors 28896lkl33yyp4v nearly 28896lkl33yyp4v halved 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v silver 28896lkl33yyp4v value 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v coinage. 28896lkl33yyp4v

The 28896lkl33yyp4v Roman 28896lkl33yyp4v Empire 28896lkl33yyp4v taxed 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v people 28896lkl33yyp4v under 28896lkl33yyp4v its 28896lkl33yyp4v control, 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v taxes 28896lkl33yyp4v fell 28896lkl33yyp4v most 28896lkl33yyp4v heavily 28896lkl33yyp4v on 28896lkl33yyp4v conquered 28896lkl33yyp4v peoples 28896lkl33yyp4v in 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v empire. 28896lkl33yyp4v Roman 28896lkl33yyp4v citizens 28896lkl33yyp4v did 28896lkl33yyp4v not 28896lkl33yyp4v have 28896lkl33yyp4v to 28896lkl33yyp4v pay 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v individual 28896lkl33yyp4v or 28896lkl33yyp4v head 28896lkl33yyp4v tax 28896lkl33yyp4v required 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v each 28896lkl33yyp4v subject 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v empire, 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v empire 28896lkl33yyp4v exempted 28896lkl33yyp4v Italian 28896lkl33yyp4v land 28896lkl33yyp4v from 28896lkl33yyp4v tribute. 28896lkl33yyp4v However 28896lkl33yyp4v Roman 28896lkl33yyp4v citizens 28896lkl33yyp4v did 28896lkl33yyp4v have 28896lkl33yyp4v to 28896lkl33yyp4v pay 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v 5 28896lkl33yyp4v percent 28896lkl33yyp4v inheritance 28896lkl33yyp4v tax, 28896lkl33yyp4v a 28896lkl33yyp4v 1 28896lkl33yyp4v percent 28896lkl33yyp4v sales 28896lkl33yyp4v tax, 28896lkl33yyp4v a 28896lkl33yyp4v customs 28896lkl33yyp4v or 28896lkl33yyp4v import 28896lkl33yyp4v duty, 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v a 28896lkl33yyp4v tax 28896lkl33yyp4v on 28896lkl33yyp4v freed 28896lkl33yyp4v slaves. 28896lkl33yyp4v Local 28896lkl33yyp4v magistrates, 28896lkl33yyp4v imperial 28896lkl33yyp4v officials, 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v professional 28896lkl33yyp4v tax 28896lkl33yyp4v collectors 28896lkl33yyp4v were 28896lkl33yyp4v all 28896lkl33yyp4v employed 28896lkl33yyp4v to 28896lkl33yyp4v gather 28896lkl33yyp4v taxes, 28896lkl33yyp4v and 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v imperial 28896lkl33yyp4v census 28896lkl33yyp4v became 28896lkl33yyp4v an 28896lkl33yyp4v important 28896lkl33yyp4v tool 28896lkl33yyp4v to 28896lkl33yyp4v identify 28896lkl33yyp4v potential 28896lkl33yyp4v taxpayers. 28896lkl33yyp4v Total 28896lkl33yyp4v taxes 28896lkl33yyp4v amounted 28896lkl33yyp4v to 28896lkl33yyp4v about 28896lkl33yyp4v 10 28896lkl33yyp4v percent 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v empire’s 28896lkl33yyp4v gross 28896lkl33yyp4v national 28896lkl33yyp4v product. 28896lkl33yyp4v That 28896lkl33yyp4v percentage 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v tax 28896lkl33yyp4v may 28896lkl33yyp4v seem 28896lkl33yyp4v low 28896lkl33yyp4v by 28896lkl33yyp4v modern 28896lkl33yyp4v standards, 28896lkl33yyp4v but 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v imperial 28896lkl33yyp4v government 28896lkl33yyp4v provided 28896lkl33yyp4v minimal 28896lkl33yyp4v services. 28896lkl33yyp4v For 28896lkl33yyp4v provincials 28896lkl33yyp4v who 28896lkl33yyp4v could 28896lkl33yyp4v barely 28896lkl33yyp4v make 28896lkl33yyp4v a 28896lkl33yyp4v living, 28896lkl33yyp4v paying 28896lkl33yyp4v 10 28896lkl33yyp4v percent 28896lkl33yyp4v of 28896lkl33yyp4v their 28896lkl33yyp4v income 28896lkl33yyp4v to 28896lkl33yyp4v the 28896lkl33yyp4v government 28896lkl33yyp4v was 28896lkl33yyp4v a 28896lkl33yyp4v considerable 28896lkl33yyp4v burden. 28896lkl33yyp4v

Microsoft® 28896lkl33yyp4v Encarta® 28896lkl33yyp4v Encyclopedia 28896lkl33yyp4v 2002. 28896lkl33yyp4v © 28896lkl33yyp4v 1993-2001 28896lkl33yyp4v Microsoft 28896lkl33yyp4v Corporation. 28896lkl33yyp4v All 28896lkl33yyp4v rights 28896lkl33yyp4v reserved. 28896lkl33yyp4v