PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE 37333rkz97mnn5p USES: for regular ,costumory,habitual action: -adv.:always,every day (night,week) I always have diner at 7. 2.for momentary actions – developing – certains verbs like:to know,to understand,to remember,to remaind. Now I remember everything. 3.for momentary actions: knoch ,jump,hit 4.in sport comentaries: Hagi takes the bool from Contra and he hits it. 5.in instructions:You take 1 kg of sucher, you put in the pot,you add 200 mg… 6.for generals truths: The Earth spins rond it self. 7.for future plans made by some authority: The plain leevs at 7 p.m. FORMS: Affirmative: S+vb.(+ s) – III person sg. Negative: S+don’t+vb. / doesn’t –III person sg Interogative: do(does)+S+vb (III sg) PRESENT TENSE CONTINIUS USED: kn333r7397mnnn with actions developing in the present(now , in this moment) with temporary actions:He is studying French this month. with personals plans(future meaning):I’m living tomorrow-I mean it with repeated actions,that started being boring,annoying:He is borowen money from me. FORMS: Affirmative: S+to be+vb+ing Negative: S+be+not+vb+ing Interogative: to be +S+vb+ing PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE USED: for actions ended very close to the present:recently,lately,just,already,yet:I have eaten many fruits recently. for actions which started in the past and continued till (close to) the moment of speech:- since-1986,january,last summer / since you left (dates) -for (period)-weeks,years. for actions whose date is unknown:Shakespeare has written many sonets. for actions which have rezults in the present:I have read this chapter and I can tell you the subject. FORMS: Affirmative: S+have / has(IIIsg) +vb.Past Participle { Past Participle:ireg.vb.-III forma reg.vb.-vb.+ed } PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOS USED: for actions wich have been developping from a certain moment in past up to the present:I have been listening to the radio for 30 minutes / since 25 past 7 FORMS: Affirmative: S+have been / has been +vb.+ing Interogative:have / has + S + been+ vb.+ing Negative:S + haven’t / hasn’t +vb.+ing FUTURE FUTURE SIMPLE FORMS: Affirmative: S + shall / will +vb (shall-Isg /Ipl) Negative: S + shall not(shan’t) / will not(won’t) +vb Interogative: will + S + vb FUTURE CONTINUOS It expresses a future action that will be taking place at a certain moment: This time tomorrow the children will be watching TV. FORMS: Affirmative: S + will be + vb + ing Interogative: will + S + be + vb + ing Negative: S + won’t be + vb + ing FUTURE-in-the-PAST SIMPLE It expresses a future action or state seen from a past viewpoint from the past. Our friends promised that they would pay us a visit next week. FORMS: will + vb / would + vb FUTURE-in-the-PAST CONTINUOS It expresses a Future Continuos seen from a past viewpoint. FORMS: would + be + ing FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE Used for actions which will be finished before another action / before another moment(in the future). FORM: S + will / shall + have + Past Participle(vb) FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOS Used for future actions that at the certain moment in the future have been lasting for a while. In June, we will have been living in this flat for ten years. FORM: will + have been + ing PAST PERFECT Used for action which take place in the past before another actions , or a date in the past. George explained he would go to Greece after he had bought a new car. FORMS: Affirmative: S + had + Past Participle Interogative: had + S + vb +ed(III) Negative: S + hadn’t + Past Participle PAST TENSE SIMPLE The actions starts and ends in the pasts in a specifyed moment:yesterday,X days ago,before,weeks,year. Direct spech: She said:”I am happy today!” Indirect spech: She said that she was happy that day. FORMS: Affirmative: S + vb. Negative: S + didn’t / did not + I PAST TENSE CONTINUOS It is used to express an arrangement seen from a past viewpoint: He was getting married only three days from now and he wasn’t sure. FORMS: Affirmative: S + was / were + vb + ing Negative: S + wasn’t / waren’t + vb + ing Interogative: was / were + S + vb + ing When we refer to Infinitive constructions , we generaly think of The Nominative with the Infinitive and The Accusative with the Infinitive . THE NOMINATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE , which consist of a noun / pronoun (in the Nominative) + Long Infinitive , is used: 1.with the following vb. In the passive: to accept , to believe , to expect , to find(out) , to hear , to imagine , to know , to notice , to say , to see , to suppose , etc. She is said to be a very intelligent student. 2.with the following vb. in the activ voice: to appear , to chance , to happen , to prove , to seem etc. The hunter changed to see the bear before I did. 3.with such constructions as : to be likely , to be certain /positive , to be lucky/unlucky , to be sure. My son is likely to know what her new address is. 4.After ordinal numbers , superlatives and the only: John was the first to finish the exercise. THE ACCUSATIVE WITH THE NOMINATIVE , which consist of a noun/pronoun (in the Accusative) + an Infinitive , is used: 1.with vb. of perception : to hear , to feel , to notice , to see , to perceive and after the vb to let and to make. After these vb , The Short Infinitive must be used: I saw him go into the house. That noise made her look back. One should make the difference between: I heard her singing in the garden.( PRESENT PARTICIPLE ) And : I heard her sing at the concert.(SHORT INFINITIVE ) 2.after vb expressing volition : to demand , to desire , to forbid ,to intend , to want ,to wish. I want him arrive there before noon. 3.after vb expressing mental activities: to believe , to consider , to expect , to imagine , to know , to suppose , to think , to understand ,etc. They didn’t expect her to arrive in time. 4.after vb of command or permission: to allow , to command , to force , to oblige ,to order, to permit ,etc. The teacher allowed me to leave the classroom. 5.after impersonal constructions: It’s imposible for them to know where we are. 6.after such vb as : to advise , to choose , to challenge , to convince , to send . Mother advised us not to run in the street. CAN-COULD (to be able to) – shows ability , capacity and , sometines , willingness. He could speak three languages fluently. MAY –MIGHT (to be allowed / permitted to ) – expresses permission , possibility , probability. May I join you? He may / might turn up any moment now. MUST (to have to / to be to /to be forced ) –conveys the idea of obligation and sometimes of certainty. You must finished by mondey. SHOULD – expresses desirability , advice and sensible suggestions. You should tell them the truth now. OUGHT TO –also hints an obligation , at what is generally expected from people. Everybody ought to observe these rules. SHALL (rarely used ) – expresses a promise or an order when used the 2nd or 3rd person. You shall have your bike on your birthday. WILL – shows willingness , promised and introduces requests. I will definitely help them. WOULD – suggests willingness and introduces formal requests;or expresses regular or habitual action in the past Would you tell me the time , sir ? Last summer at the seaside , I would get up early and walk alone on the beach. USED TO – also hints at repetition of action in the past. He used to call on us daily when he lived in neighbourhood. NEED –rarely used in questions , it is mostly used in negative sentences , expressing lach of necessity or obligation. You need’t come with me; Do you need more money? DARE – having a perjorative nuance , it may convey either anger , irritation , strong reproach. How dare you talk to me like that?! I dare you to say that again! He doesn’t dare to swim across the river. (=he isn’t brave enough) PASSIVE VOICE I eat apples. S1 D.O The apples ware eaten by me. S2 I.O The Passive voice changes the dress from the agent (the one who does the action) to the object ( the one is suffer(s) it). Ex: He gives me apples. S1 I.O D.O I.O ®S2 I am given apples by him. S2 S1 +vb.(mood , tense) + D.O + I.O + Prep.O ® active voice a)PASSIVE VOICE: D.O®S2 I.O ® S2 Prep.O®S2 b)PASSIVE VOICE: P1®P2 : be ( mood ,tense) from P1+Past Participle (III form or ‘ed’ ) c) PASSIVE VOICE: S1®I.O THE « ZERO » ARTICLE ARTICLE
